Several inflammatory cytokine and growth factors including TGF‐β, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, leukotriene B4 and pletelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) were shown to be important indicators for the progression of PA remodelling in PAH.25, 26, 27. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.