Interestingly, Dnd1, an embryonal PGC-specific marker controlling PGC fate maintenance by inhibiting somatic gene expression41,42, is not expressed by MYC tumor cells, suggesting that its loss might play a central role in the initiation of cellular transformation and misguidance of these cells to distant anatomic localizations43 (Supplementary Fig. 11C, D). Here, MYC is linked to neoplasm.