EDN3 and colitis: These include chemotherapeutics (Wafai et al., 2013; McQuade et al., 2016; McQuade et al., 2017; McQuade et al., 2018; Stojanovska et al., 2018; McQuade et al., 2019), colitis (Robinson et al., 2017; Hofma et al., 2018), and disrupted endothelin-3 signalling (Ro et al., 2006; Roberts et al., 2008; Barnes and Spencer, 2015), all of which decrease CMC frequency.