INS and Insulin resistance: E. cardamomum and its active constituents can control insulin secretion, insulin resistance through increasing the amount of SIRT1, PPAR-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and attenuating the function of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) as well as controlling glucose metabolism by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase.