In support of the promising efficacy of dual PD-1 and Tim-3 blockade in cancer, clinical benefits were observed in patients with PD-1–refractory non–small cell lung cancers treated with aPD-1 and aTim-3 mAbs, with a 15% objective response rate (3 out of 19 patients) and with prolonged stable disease in 42% (8 out of 19 patients) in an ongoing phase I/II study (42). This evidence concerns the gene HAVCR2 and lung cancer.