MAPK3 and cancer: In addition to transactivation of EGFR, DCA can induce epithelial hyperproliferation through activation of ERK and PKC signaling pathways (55) and can also activate β-catenin signaling, ERK1 and ERK2 signaling via activator protein 1 (AP1), and c-Myc–targeted pathways (56), stimulating cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness.