GPR31 and acute kidney injury: In summary, one can conclude from the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments of this investigation that the GEN-initiated events (i.e., ROS/4-HNE/ALOX-12/12-HETE/GPR31) modulate the cellular injury in the AKI state, and it is further exacerbated by the overexpression of a renal proximal tubule specific enzyme, MIOX.