Intriguingly, although both CD47 and PD-L1 play key roles in immune checkpoint regulation, PD-L1, CPT1A isoforms (CPT1B and CPT1C) and ACAD9 isoforms (ACADVL and ACADS) did not show a detectable difference in expression between the primary and recurrent GBM tumors (Supplementary Fig. 1a), whereas CPT1B, ACADL, and ACADM (except CPT1C and ACADVL) were associated with lowered OS (Supplementary Fig. 1b–f). Here, ACADL is linked to glioblastoma.