As mentioned before, PEDF is a pleiotropic protein in possession of anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective properties.138 PEDF interferes with macrophage infiltration and activation in the injury site, leading to a delayed remodeling process.139 Therefore, MSCs that highly express PEDF counteract the therapeutic actions and eventually give rise to more cardiac fibroblasts with impaired angiogenesis in the myocardial infarction region.139. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINF1 and neoplasm.