CSF2 and cancer: Indeed, after the FDA approval of T-VEC, a herpes virus encoding GM-CSF (Ribas et al., 2018) for the treatment of melanoma, the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) has been extensively explored in cancer immunotherapy (Kaufman et al., 2016; Harrington et al., 2019; Macedo et al., 2020; Kottke et al., 2021).