TNF and viral infectious disease: The NF-kappa B pathway is divided into two different but interacting pathways: the classical NF-kappa B essential modulator (NEMO)—a dependent pathway and the alternate NEMO—an independent pathway. While the classical NF-κB signaling pathway, induced by TNF-α, IL-1, or by-products of bacterial and viral infections, is mainly associated with inflammatory, proliferative, and survival responses, the activation of the noncanonical pathway results in a chemokine expression.