TGFB1 and neoplasm: Despite its critical roles, the development of TGFB1-targeting therapies has not been progressed well, probably due to concern of severe toxicities that could arise from blocking tumor suppression exerted by TGF-β1 at early stages of tumorigenesis as TGFB1 exerts potent cytostatic and pro-apoptotic activities in pre-malignant cells (82, 83).