VTCN1 and neoplasm: As demonstrated in our study immunoinhibitors, CSF1R, HAVCR2, and LGALS9, were found to be associated with LOXL3, while TGFB1, TGFBR1, and VTCN1 correlated with LOX. CSF-1R plays critical roles in regulating tumor-associated macrophages in TME, and targeted inhibition of the CSF-1/CSF-1R signal axis has broad application prospects in immunotherapy of malignant tumors (74).