This pattern has also been shown in nonhuman primates, in whom intrauterine inoculation with LPS or infection causes expansion of dysregulated FOXP3+ CD4+ T cells (Rueda et al., 2016), as well as human neonates in whom chorioamnionitis or funisitis show an altered placental microbiome as well as sustained inflammatory transcription factor profile, including defects in FOXP3+ CD4+ T cell function (Rueda et al., 2015; Misra et al., 2015). Here, FOXP3 is linked to infection.