Other potential targets for microbiome therapeutic strategies include gastrointestinal hormones implicated in alcoholism such as ghrelin, leptin, and GLP-1, as well as neurotransmitters implicated in the alcoholic GBA, such as serotonin and dopamine (Figure 3) (Mittal et al., 2017; Farokhnia et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and alcohol dependence.