PCNA and neoplasm: While previous studies focused on cell internalization, materials biodegradation, and cytotoxic effects of NAs-cisPt in 2D and 3D SCC-25 (Cassano et al., 2016; Santi et al., 2020), the present investigation evaluates its in vivo antitumor effects by assessing the tumor growth inhibition, tumor and organ histology, and the expression of cancer-related genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and caspase-3.