PAFAH1B1 and lissencephaly spectrum disorders: It is widely accepted that mutations in the LIS1 gene cause lissencephaly, a disorder characterized by deep alterations in the organization of the cerebral cortex, ranging from pachygyria to a complete lissencephalic neocortex and including a deep disruption of the laminar organization; these alterations are due to abnormal neuronal migration (Dobyns et al., 1993; Barkovich et al., 2005; Barkovich et al., 2012).