Interestingly, several studies showed that prolonged treatments of low doses of TNF can lead to resistance in prostate cancer patients (Smyth et al., 2004), and that TNF exhibits a dual impact on tumor progression: at low doses, it triggers angiogenesis (Wang et al., 2017), whereas at high doses, it induces cell death, mainly through necrotic effects (Bertazza and Mocellin, 2010). Here, TNF is linked to Familial prostate cancer.