In a more recent study, Torres-Ruiz and colleagues directly simulated monocyte-derived macrophages with NETs and NET protein cargos extracted from COVID-19 patients, revealing a significant increase in major proinflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (27). Here, CSF2 is linked to COVID-19.