AKT1 and diabetic kidney disease: Moreover, an increasing number of studies have found that autophagy regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is closely related to the occurrence and pathological progression of diabetic nephropathy and renal interstitial fibrosis (Li et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020), but the specific pathological mechanism by which autophagy is regulated through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in the occurrence and development of PF in PD patients requires further exploration.