(Li et al., 2015; Wang and Kan, 2021; Xu et al., 2021) For instance, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is considered to be the most effective biomarker for clinical diagnosis of prostate-related diseases (e.g. rostatitis, enlarged prostate, nephritis, prostate polyps, and prostate cancer) because it can specifically reflect the condition of the prostate. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate carcinoma.