PLG and cancer: Vlp functions in immune escape (Yogev et al., 1991; Citti et al., 2000) and cytoadhesion (Xiong et al., 2016); P37 participates in cancer promotion (Gong et al., 2008; Kim M. K. et al., 2019), drug resistance induction (Liu et al., 2017), and cytoadhesion (Duan et al., 2014a); and GAPDH functions in glycolysis, cytoadhesion and plasminogen/plasmin system hijacking (Wang et al., 2021).