VEGFA and Hyperglycemia: Perrin et al. and Jiang et al. found that alternative splicing of the VEGF gene results in 2 isoforms, the proangiogenic isoforms (VEGFxxxa) and the antiangiogenic isoforms (VEGFxxxb); VEGFxxxb has an antiangiogenic effect and protects DR patients from hyperglycemia through inhibition of proliferation and migration of retinal endothelial cells [37, 38].