Interestingly, although we did not see a decrease in PKLR in mice treated with vilanterol or saquinavir, decreased NE (ENO2) and proliferation (MKI67 and PCNA) markers were found in mice after vilanterol or saquinavir treatment, as confirmed by IHC staining of subcutaneous tumors (Fig. 6J and Supplementary Fig. S10C), suggesting that PKLR-targeted therapy might suppress a variety of NED properties as well as growth rates of PCa cells. This evidence concerns the gene PCNA and posterior cortical atrophy.