CXCL12 and neoplasm: To elucidate the effects of S100a9 and Cxcl12 on immune cells in the tumor-permissive microenvironment, we performed CyTOF analysis in groups of control, sgS100a9, and sgCxcl12 and detected greater number of CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, and active T cell populations and reduced MDSC populations in mammary tissues expressing either sgS100a9 or sgCxcl12 than that of control group (Fig. 7d), demonstrating that disruption of either S100a9 or Cxcl12 signaling could stimulate immunogenicity and diminish the immunosuppressive niches in mammary tissues.