INS and Insulin resistance: Mechanistically, POPs can alter the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter GLUT4 (Olsen et al. 1994), impair insulin signaling pathways (Lyche et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2019), disrupt mitochondrial function (Tremblay-Laganiere et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2021), and promote chronic-low grade inflammation (Ruzzin et al. 2010), thereby contributing to insulin resistance.