SPP1 and neoplasm: After a comprehensive analysis of these results, we supposed that the effect of SJZD on the microenvironment of CRC might be realized via the following three mechanisms: SJZD remodels the TME and prolongs the survival of patients with CRC by altering the expression of SPP1, TGFB1A and IGFBP3, attenuating tumor hypoxia, decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhancing the sensitivity to drugs.