Members of the FOXO subfamily were previously shown to cooperate with SMAD2/3–SMAD4 to induce CDKN1A (also called p21Cip1) in epithelial cells in response to TGF-β, and FOXO3 has previously been shown to cooperate with the SMADs to regulate cyclin induction in ovarian cancer (Fu and Peng, 2011; Seoane et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD4 and ovarian cancer.