CD4 and neoplasm: MLV-CLN network is known to be involved in anti-tumor immunity via promotion of the infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells in gliomas.20,23 Consistently, the percentage of CD8+ Ki67+ T cells and the ratio of CD8+ Ki67+ T cells to CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in gliomas were increased after RT, but decreased when CLNs were removed (Fig. 1e–g; Supplementary information, Fig. S2a, b).