IL1B and infection: The role of XCX chemokines in anti-Aspergillus immunity is well-documented1, and with respect to cytokines, a similar transcriptional profile was observed in IL1α, IL1β and IL23 consisting of a strong upregulation in case of natural infection, which was preserved by voriconazole but not by liposomal amphotericin B. These cytokines play an essential role in implementing Th1 response, a vital element of the adaptive anti-A.