Furthermore, analysis of fresh-frozen surgical samples of human glioblastoma and Grade II astrocytoma reveals that several proteins with higher expression in glioblastoma compared to astrocytoma were downregulated by AF16 treatment (4EBP1, CCL2, CXCL10, LIF, CD40, OPG, IL6, FGF5) while correspondingly, some factors with higher expression in astrocytoma compared to glioblastoma were also upregulated by AF16 in glioblastoma (CCL3, CCL4, TGFα). Here, TGFA is linked to glioblastoma.