There, genes with a higher expression in glioblastoma compared to astrocytoma were VEGFA, 4EBP1, CCL2, PLAU (uPA), CXCL8 (IL8), CXCL10 (IP10), CASP8, HGF, LIF, CD40, CDCp1, TNFRSF11B (OPG), CD274 (PD-L1), IL6, CXCL1, CCL20 (MIP3α), CCL8 (MCP2), CD244, MMP1, TNFRSF9, CXCL6, MMP10, FGF5). Here, CXCL1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).