Among these 8 HF-associated proteins, 3 were positively associated with risk of HF (CSF-1, Gal-3, and KIM-1), and 5 were negatively associated, consistent with causally protective effects (ADM, CHI3L1, CTSL1, FGF-23, and MMP-12). This evidence concerns the gene FGF23 and hydrops fetalis.