REST and Down syndrome: Decreased NRSF levels in ES cells and a mouse model of Down syndrome reduced the expression of totipotency maintenance–related transcription factors such as Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2, while the expression of specific differentiation-related transcription factors (e.g., GATA4, GATA6, FOXA2, PITX2, and SNAI1) were upregulated (Canzonetta et al., 2008).