It’s suggested that insulin treatment plus probiotic supplementation could enrich the population of beneficial gut microbiota in the gut (Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus salivarius and Akkermansia muciniphila), improve the glycemic control (Glucose AC and HbA1c), reduce the levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-17, MIP-1β, and RANTES) and increase the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 in patients with T1DM. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.