Indeed, data suggest individuals exhibiting cognitive deficits in aging maintain altered concentrations of exosomal proteins implicated in insulin signaling (Kapogiannis et al., 2015, 2019), lysosomal degradation/autophagy (Goetzl et al., 2015) as well as synaptic integrity (Goetzl et al., 2016a,2018a; Winston et al., 2016, 2018; Agliardi et al., 2019; Jia et al., 2021). Here, INS is linked to Cognitive impairment.