Due to the small sample size in this study, the prediction of GDF-15 and the bleeding outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation still needs further investigation, including dynamic monitoring of the relationship between the evolution of GDF-15 in the course of disease diagnosis and treatment and the prognosis, and GDF-15 as a nonspecific biomarker, with the deepening of research. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and atrial fibrillation.