IRS1 and thanatophoric dysplasia: The prostate from TD patients also showed an increased expression of several metabolic receptors [4, 11], such as LOX-1, RAGE, IRS1 and STAMP2, and fibroblast trans-differentiation genes (RhoA/ROCK pathway), all of which exert important biological functions within metabolic, inflammatory and mitogenic/growth promoting pathways [29–34].