Histology includes markers for proteinopathy (pTDP-43), microglia (CD68 and IBA1), myelin (PLP), neurofilaments (SMI-312), and iron (ferritin) in order to detect changes in a range of microstructures within cortical and subcortical regions (anterior cingulate cortex, corpus callosum, hippocampus, primary motor cortex, and visual cortex) associated with different proposed stages of ALS disease progression (Jucker and Walker, 2013). Here, AIF1 is linked to proteostasis deficiencies.