Vδ1 T-cells had an increased proportion of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA, CD27−CD45RA+) cells (Fig. 5b, Supplementary Fig. 5b), and demonstrated higher expression of the T-cell activation markers HLA-DR, CD38 and CD25 on direct ex vivo staining compared to Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells within HCC and paired tumour-free liver (Fig. 5c, Supplementary Fig. 5c). Here, CD38 is linked to neoplasm.