SP1 and colorectal carcinoma: In addition, one study found increased serum levels of AGEs in CRC patients, which contributed to invasion and metastasis of CRC by activating RAGE/ERK/specificity protein 1 (SP1)/matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP2) cascade in cancerous tissue; moreover, the RAGE blocking antibody and SP-1 siRNA was found to reverse the AGE-induced effects [42].