The measurements in maternal blood of various proteins or hormones produced by the placenta which are modified in the case of placental vascular dysfunction (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A - PAPP-A, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 -, sFLT1, placental growth factor - PlGF ...) have been tested to identify women at risk of this adverse pregnancy outcome leading to FGR, stillbirth, and preeclampsia. The gene discussed is PAPPA; the disease is preeclampsia.