VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: Recently, despite the great success achieved using a combination of anti-PD-L1 with anti-VEGF therapies in advanced HCC, there are still a majority of patients who either do not respond to these treatments or do not have a lasting clinical benefit because of high tumour heterogeneity or treatment resistance(Finn et al., 2020; Pinter et al., 2020).