Interestingly, high expression of HDGF is observed in a variety of cancers, such gliomas, bladder and ovarian cancers as well as hepatocellular carcinomas (Song et al., 2014; Enomoto et al., 2015; Giri et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017b; Zhang et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene HDGF and central nervous system cancer.