Furthermore, the mTOG effects were specific to HR-MDS specimens and were accompanied by a significant reduction (approximately twofold) in malignant CD123+ stem and progenitor cells (CD34+CD45RA+CD123+) as well as improved non-leukaemic multi-lineage differentiation with a predominant increase in lymphoid (CD19+) but not myeloid (CD33+) cells for all tested patients (Fig. 4i,j). This evidence concerns the gene CD33 and myelodysplastic syndrome.