We extended these results using differentiation-inducing culture conditions34 and observed remarkable mTOG-Ψ- and PAIP1-dependent expansion of erythroid (CD235a+CD36+) and myeloid cells (CD66b+CD33−) for all tested patient-derived HR-MDS-HSPCs in comparison to controls (Fig. 4d,e). The gene discussed is CD33; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.