MAP2K1 and neoplasm: The induction of immune activation following treatments with targeted therapy, chemotherapy, or irradiation to enhance immunotherapy efficacy has been described in HNC patients.58 Recently, Choi et al showed that pulsatile treatment of KRAS-mutated tumor-bearing mice with selumetinib or trametinib had a greater effect on immune activation and susceptibility to combination therapy with CTLA4 as compared with continuous treatment.27 These results further support the importance of induction by anti-MEK1/2 therapies of a potent and prolonged immune activation.