It was also shown that combined treatment with trametinib and anti-PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1) arrested tumor growth in the mice.19 While the above lines of evidence support the involvement of MAPK inhibitors in regulating the heterogeneity of TME and thus in determining antitumor immunity, the mechanisms of the communication network between the malignant cells and the TME are yet to be fully understood. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.