TIGAR and prostate carcinoma: The TIGAR protein has been shown to be overexpressed in many types of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and malignant glioma, associated with aggressive tumor cell proliferation and poor clinical outcomes and often serves as a determinant of therapy-responsiveness [47–61].