TLR4 and Hyperglycemia: To further determine whether PBA treatment reduced hyperglycemia-enhanced inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4–nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, according to western blot analysis, p-NF-κB p65 and p-IKKα/β activation were extremely higher in hyperglycemic mice compared with control mice at 0 and 6 h after reperfusion, which were reduced in PBA-treated hyperglycemic mice ischemic liver tissues.