AGER and Alzheimer disease: Reported abnormalities of endothelial cells in AD include mitochondrial damage, increased pinocytic vesicles and lipofuscin [161, 170]; upregulated receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), responsible for transporting Aβ into the brain parenchyma [228, 229, 230]; and downregulated low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP‐1) receptor, involved in Aβ clearance into the bloodstream [228, 231] (Figure 2).