PPARA and colitis: These findings imply that therapeutics targeting these two genes are best evaluated in the murine models that show the most consistent decrease in the gene expression, e.g., Citrobacter infection-induced colitis, adoptive T-cell transfer, TNBS, etc. This was intriguing because the majority (~90%) of the published work on PPARα/γ dual agonists have been carried out in DSS models (Supplementary Tables 1, 2).