IL-1, TNFα, and IFNγ are recognized contributors to BMP2 induction in cell models56,57,59,60 and the inflammation itself is able to induce TGFβ-BMP activation in osteoclast cells as a compensatory response leading to osteoprogenitor cell recruitment and new bone formation under ankylosing spondylitis condition57. Here, TNF is linked to ankylosing spondylitis.