In addition, specific combinations increased the number of intratumoral effector cells or activation phenotype of immune cells.5 In preclinical melanoma models, IDO1 inhibition synergizes with either anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-(L)1 in delaying tumor growth and increasing survival.14 15 Based on preclinical findings, JAK1 combined with IDO1 or PI3Kδ inhibition may result in greater immunomodulatory effects than either agent alone. The gene discussed is IDO1; the disease is melanoma.